Water Treatment

[astafford]

Out west I use a "Hiker" pump filter. Heavy but reliable. What is the water treatment of choice for hiking the AT. Advantages/disadvantages, etc. I am planning on hiking Katahdin to NY starting August 1st 2016. I would appreciate your input.

[RED-DOG]

I use the Katahdin Hiker-Pro it's worth the weight penalty in my opinion, most folks on WB use the Sawyer Squeeze i have tried one but i had a few issues with mine such as it takes a long time to filter water, they clog up daily sometimes two to three times a day, not a good water flow, just to name a few I think i will stick to my Hiker-Pro i have never had any issues with it.

[Ground Control]

I recently upgraded to the Sawyer Mini
http://www.amazon.com/Sawyer-Products-Water-Filtration-System/dp/B00FHRADQ2

I had been using a hand-pump, Katahdin-style filter purchased back in 1998 for use in the Boundary Waters. It still worked well, but was tedious and heavy.

Prior to buying the Sawyer Mini, I had copied a certain speed-hiker's method of using bleach for treating water. It may work for some, but I had a gastrointestinal problems for weeks following the trip. My doctor has strongly advised me to never use the bleach method again, in spite of what the Red Cross says about bleach's utility as an emergency water treatment option. Some folk's constitution can surely handle it, but the bleach method ain't for me.

[Sirsnappy09]

Sawyer inline with a diy gravity set up. One trip to water source, no pumping, packs small, super light, inexpensive, filters fast and if backflushed periodically no clogging.

[HooKooDooKu]

Sawyer inline with a diy gravity set up. One trip to water source, no pumping, packs small, super light, inexpensive, filters fast and if backflushed periodically no clogging.
Ditto...

Get an Evernew Water Carry for your dirty water and a Platypus Hoser for your clean water. (The threads of the Evernew properly fit the threads on the Squeeze and Mini - Platypus decided to use a unique thread angle on their products). Simply punch some holes in the margins of the Evernew bladder and thread it with some twine to hang for gravity feed.

With a clean Sawyer Mini, I can filter 2L of water in about 4 minutes while I do other tasks in camp (like getting the cooking gear ready).

If you punch the holes in the corner of the Evernew so that it hangs a little cockeyed, that will give some of the silt and other debris in the water a chance to collect in the corner of the bag rather than flowing into the filter.

[Starchild]

The choice of AT Thru's seems to be AquaMira and the 'Squeeze'

I prefer the Steripen, I personally feel it is lighter when you consider the weight of water carried.

YMMV

[Sirsnappy09]

Exactly hookoo-- I have used gravity for about 10 years now and will never go back. I use the larger size Sawyer filter just because it was the lightest out there last time I replaced it. Still works great. I made my dirty bag from a dry bag. I usually have enough water in one trip for any and everyone around camp and myself the next morning. I use a small camelback on/off spigot and can use/ filter the water when needed. I also used a small screen in the dirty bag to catch any larger floaties.

[SwissGuy]

I used an MSR Sweetwater when I did SAR in the Cascades, switched to a Katadyn Hiker-Pro a few years back. IMHO it's hard to beat for ease of use and quality of water, but I know plenty of people who still use iodine or bleach.

[Connie]

Prior to buying the Sawyer Mini, I had copied a certain speed-hiker's method of using bleach for treating water. It may work for some, but I had a gastrointestinal problems for weeks following the trip. My doctor has strongly advised me to never use the bleach method again, in spite of what the Red Cross says about bleach's utility as an emergency water treatment option. Some folk's constitution can surely handle it, but the bleach method ain't for me.

I don't know why that advice keeps getting repeated: household bleach has a harmful extra ingredient.

I think Aqua Mira is the one that imitates public health water treatment.

I tried gravity-feed water filtration using a Sawyer water filter and I haven't looked back. I need water containers anyway, for backpacking, even one to collect water from shallow water. I like the idea of using that blue spout with the Smart Water to backflush.

[fastfoxengineering]

I think the two lightest and best water treatment options specifically for thru-hiking are aquamira and the original sawyer squeeze.

The sawyer mini filter has a poor flow rate and requires a lot of back flushing. The two people I thru hiked the LT with this past year were fed up with them after a month of use. We did party with some AT nobo's one night, and of course some gear got brought up. They agreed that the mini was just too much hassle for using constantly everyday, all day.

The larger squeeze is certainly worth the extra 1oz in weight.

I however, go back and forth between the squeeze and aquamira. Both have their merits. Either will serve you right on a thru.

[kibs]

Right on sir! I have the same setup. It works great using a brass double christmas tree fiting makes It easy to disconnect!

[CarlZ993]

I think the two lightest and best water treatment options specifically for thru-hiking are aquamira and the original sawyer squeeze.

The sawyer mini filter has a poor flow rate and requires a lot of back flushing. The two people I thru hiked the LT with this past year were fed up with them after a month of use. We did party with some AT nobo's one night, and of course some gear got brought up. They agreed that the mini was just too much hassle for using constantly everyday, all day.

The larger squeeze is certainly worth the extra 1oz in weight.

I however, go back and forth between the squeeze and aquamira. Both have their merits. Either will serve you right on a thru.
These two water treatment options were the more prevalent on the AT in 2013. I used the Aquamira. Each time I resupplied, I kept the mixing cap from the previous set. At the end, I was able to mix up 4 different caps @ one time.

[bobp]

in spite of what the Red Cross says about bleach's utility as an emergency water treatment option.

Having every structure in your Haitian village knocked down is an emergency. Having your Floridian town wiped off the map by a hurricane is an emergency.. Backpacking isn't an emergency unless you are doing it very incorrectly. Inadvisable actions can become necessary in a real emergency, and using household bleach to render water somewhat drinkable is one of those actions.

[swjohnsey]

I don't know why that advice keeps getting repeated: household bleach has a harmful extra ingredient. What?

I think Aqua Mira is the one that imitates public health water treatment. Not hardly.

I tried gravity-feed water filtration using a Sawyer water filter and I haven't looked back. I need water containers anyway, for backpacking, even one to collect water from shallow water. I like the idea of using that blue spout with the Smart Water to backflush.

I'd guess that at least half of the thru-hikers ain't using nothin' on most water sources by the time they get to Katahdin. I used household bleach on the few suspect water source I used.

[HooKooDooKu]

The sawyer mini filter has a poor flow rate and requires a lot of back flushing. The two people I thru hiked the LT with this past year were fed up with them after a month of use.
Given that you can get the mini's at WalMart for only $20, it wouldn't be a bad idea to have one if a few resupply boxes.

[HogFan]

Given that you can get the mini's at WalMart for only $20, it wouldn't be a bad idea to have one if a few resupply boxes.

Exactly. I got two from my local outfitter for $37 plus tax.
They work fine for me. People don't care for the slow flow rate, but I guess I'm just patient.

[eneall]

I started with a MSR sweetwater pump but switched to a diy gravity fitted with a sawyer filter. I was mostly hiking with at least 4 others so wanted more volume. I use a sea-to-summit shower bag fitted with tubing to filter then down to shut off valve from camelback. I also siliconed a piece of stainless mesh inside to catch the bigger debris. It does periodically require back flushing depending on water quality and is a little on the heavy side but great for a group.

[Connie]

swjohnsey,

Good for you, "I think" begs the question.

I like Sawyer Squeeze, best. I like the set up I described.

Why practically every comment I make start a "flame war"? Open criticism, adding nothing, is a "flame war".

Why don't you see what you have to say that benefits the OP or the discussion, by adding helpful information?


edit: You did add helpful information. Here it is: "I'd guess that at least half of the thru-hikers ain't using nothin' on most water sources by the time they get to Katahdin. I used household bleach on the few suspect water source I used."

I respectfully disagree with the use of household bleach: my opinion based on advice I heard. Does that make it "second hand"? It does. That is why I wrote "I don't know why..."

[fastfoxengineering]

Pass on bleach.

The deal with the mini. When you need to filter upwards of 6 liters of water a day. Your hand starts to cramp up. When filtering water hits that point when it's a "chore" you start to cuss at the flow rate because you were to impatient to backflush it. And even a backflushed mini isn't as good as a squeeze.

I still use my mini for day hikes and over nighters, because I own it and didn't just want to toss a $25 filter.

Take my word or don't, most AT thru hikers had negative reviews of the mini's flow rate and maintenance routine. Check out Will Wood's review on youtube.

Filtering water becomes a chore no matter what method you use, might as well make it simple and easier on yourself.

[Sirsnappy09]

Get the original squeeze and use that filter. Mine has nevr clogged and I'm pretty low maintenance and hard on stuff. But whoever said it above is right, by the New England states a lot of thrus dont treat water anymore. I personally did, but I have had a water borne illness from drinking untreated water before. No fun.

[Trail Ponderer]

Most people on the AT use the Sawyer Squeeze and Aqua Mira. I carry both of these water treatment methods. Sawyer Squeeze easy to use and backwash occasionally usually when I hit towns. Carry a extra bag (either the Sawyer bags or Evernew fit) just in case you have bag failure but I have been using the same bag for quite awhile. If bag failure some plastic bottles fit the filter (Smartwater). Fill bottle at spring and attach filter and drink. I used to use the Pur Hiker (now Katadyn Hiker) filter for years until two broke on me on the trail in a short period of time. Fortunately, I was able to use other friends filters. Katadyn Hiker filters are expensive to replace in comparison. Since then, Sawyer Squeeze and am very happy with product.

[Traveler]

I've used the Katadyn Hiker Pro for years without any problems. Beyond ease and speed of use, it removes debris from the water that chemicals won't, and removes bad tastes from water sources that are less that pristine that steripens and chemical treatment won't, without clogging problems I have seen with the Sawyer Mini. Though a lot of people carry the Mini, the small weight penalty of the Katadyn for these features are worth it for me.

[garlic08]

On my AT hike, I noticed very few filters toward the end of the hike--many had broken or the maintenance became too difficult. Aquamira was quite common. (I carried one Aquamira set and it lasted the entire trail with half left over, so I treated about 15 gallons of suspect water--there was so much good spring water it seemed a shame to put chemicals in it.) I don't think I ever saw a Steripen (2008, maybe different now). But I didn't hike in a pack and didn't congregate around shelters and didn't ask people about their gear, so I don't have a huge sample size.

I saw an interesting phenomenon on the AT. I saw folks hiking with bottles of "Smoky Mountain Spring Water" with $4 price tags. Yet when faced with getting water from the actual spring high in the Smokies, they'd put chemicals in it! What a shame to be afraid of city water in the city, and of mountain water in the mountains.

I agree with the sentiment above that getting water while backpacking in the Appalachians does not fall under the "emergency" category.

[Connie]

Here is a video of a gravity fed water filter system:


http://youtu.be/wSYWoplv_Uo

If you use a Sawyer Mini or Sawyer Squeeze you will have the .1 micron absolute "standard".

The Sawyer Squeeze will flow faster than the Sawyer Mini. Sawyer sells adapters. I use the blue cap from Smart Water bottles for the connectors.

This is a convenient method of water filtration, for example, while you set up camp.

[The Solemates]

http://www.cascadedesigns.com/msr/water/treatment/hyperflow-microfilter/product
anyone use one of these new fangled things? looks nice

[Different Socks]

I use the Pur Hiker and it has wonderfully from the At to the PCT to the CDT to the CT to the Ice Age Trail and 1000's of other miles beyond. Will always carry it and use it unless I can see the source of the water is pure.

[Drybones]

I don't know why that advice keeps getting repeated: household bleach has a harmful extra ingredient.

I think Aqua Mira is the one that imitates public health water treatment.

I tried gravity-feed water filtration using a Sawyer water filter and I haven't looked back. I need water containers anyway, for backpacking, even one to collect water from shallow water. I like the idea of using that blue spout with the Smart Water to backflush.

What is the extra ingredient?

[Connie]

I don't know. It might be a preservative.

The advice might have been about an added chemical to add "odor" to Chlorox brand and other brands.

It might be that bleach, even in the small amounts added to the water, harm intestinal "flora and fauna". Antibiotics do.

I wish we had more particulars from that MD quoted higher up the thread.

[swjohnsey]

What is the extra ingredient?

Perfume. All it will do is make your poo smell a little better.

[swjohnsey]

Most folks drink chlorine in their tap water every day.

[Connie]

The arrangement of the atoms makes a difference.

We already had that discussion in a different thread: NaCl and chlorine in a swimming pool.

Then, there is Chlorox. Maybe, there is bleach and there is different brands of bleach.

[July]

Another vote for the Sawyer squeeze with a few chem tab for backup. If all fails, throw the pot on the fire and boil for a few. Alot of fresh mtn spring water sources need nothing just bubbling out of the ground. When you get used to such fresh clean water, you can actually 'smell' the treated city water when coming into town.

[Del Q]

Sawyer Squeeze. Light, simple, works well for me with the right attachments. I also carry a small amount of Aquamira A&B in case......have had Giardia, not a lot of fun - but I did lose 10 lbs!

[Drybones]

Perfume. All it will do is make your poo smell a little better.

soooo....That explains why my poo don't stink when I hike...if I treat at all I use bleach.

[hikernutcasey]

+1 for Aqua Mira for me. It's simple, light weight, easy to use and always works. What more do you want?

There are 2 things I have heard people say negatively towards Aqua Mira. 1) It doesn't get the particles out or clean the dingy water and 2) It takes too long and I don't want to wait on it. My experience is 1) I have never not been able to get the floaties out by dipping with my mug or pot or whatever you have and if they are particularly bad then filter through a bandana. 2) The wait time is not that long and if you plan accordingly by going ahead and letting part a and part b mix while you down the remaining amount of water you have, you can dump it in the bottle and not need anymore water until the 15 minutes has passed anyway. It's not a big deal.

With all that being said, I'm sure the Sawyer is a fine choice as well but I personally like having something on the trail I can't break.

[Ground Control]

Most folks drink chlorine in their tap water every day.

Right, thus my logic.

Plus, after reading Matt Kirk's debriefing here on WB, I opted to mimic his method and drop the 12 oz filter from my pack.
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0ApPth1tdz8ihdHhnVXRZU2JBazRGd1pLaV9pdmlFc 1E#gid=0
http://matthewkirk.blogspot.com/2012/12/bandoleer-gear.html
(http://matthewkirk.blogspot.com/2012/12/bandoleer-gear.html)
I'm too lazy to look up the thread where he answered specific questions about his shoes, water method, etc... but it's here somewhere.

Obviously, everyone realizes that hiking is not an emergency situation.:rolleyes:

Also, there is definitely more than one kind of bleach (chemical makeup) on the shelves in grocery stores.

[Connie]

If I am concerned, I have these. It has no taste.

http://m.rei.com/product/695229/katadyn-micropur-purification-tablets-package-of-30

"Features the same proven technology used in municipal water supplies"

"Meets the US Environmental Protection Agency purification guidelines; active ingredient is chlorine dioxide"

"Destroys viruses and bacteria in 15 min., Giardia in 30 min. and Cryptosporidium in 4 hrs".

I have the Sawyer .1 micron absolute to keep out Giardia. If I am concerned about virus, I have the Katadyn MicroPur tablets for holding the water 4 hours during the day or overnight.


Edit: Katadyn Scout (expensive, heavy weight) or Sawyer meet the .1 micron absolute standard.

Katadyn MicroPur has the chlorine dioxide.

These two (filtration and chemical treatment) meet the water purity standard.

The chlorine used in the public water supply is, apparently, then, chlorine dioxide.

What is chemically in "trace" amounts after use is not consumed in eyedropper amounts. It is not bleach: sodium hypochlorite.

Municipal water treatment does not use sodium hypochlorite "bleach".

I hope this information clears up the question I have had and others have had about the use of household bleach.

[Colter]

Aqua Mira is effective, light and simple. No moving parts.

Chlorine bleach is much better than nothing, but it's not as effective against protozoa, like Giardia, as Aqua Mira. It's primarily Giardia most people are worried about. To most people Aqua Mira tastes much better, or is even tasteless.

Bleach is quite safe if used as directed, but the CDC recommends using unscented bleach, presumably because the perfumes which are added to scented bleach may not be safe for human consumption.

I agree with garlic that store-bought bottled water is pretty much a scam. I do think however, that bottled spring water and spring water along the AT are not equally safe, the first is from a tested and monitored source, either protected or underground, and the other is from an untested and unmonitored source.

[Cobble]

If I am concerned, I have these. It has no taste.

The chlorine used in the public water supply is, apparently, then, chlorine dioxide.

What is chemically in "trace" amounts after use is not consumed in eyedropper amounts. It is not bleach: sodium hypochlorite.

Municipal water treatment does not use sodium hypochlorite "bleach".

I hope this information clears up the question I have had and others have had about the use of household bleach.

According to the CDC municipals do use Sodium Hypochlorite (SH)(http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/chlorination-faq.html) as well as filtration. Calcium Hypochlorite (HTS) is a comparable purifyer which is the active ingredient in many brands of "pool shock". Pool shock comes in chrystalline form and can be used to make a bleach stock at 1 tablespoon for 1 gallon of bleach stock.

I am interested in possibly using a tiny bag of pool shock crystals to make my bleach along the trail for my eye dropper. Anyone seen this method used for resupply?

True that bleach does not kill giardia, but giardia can be treated if done immediately with pepto bismol (bismuth subsalicylate)(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887233399000685 and my experience of having giardia 2 dozen times in central asia)

so bleach either regular bleach SU or HTS does work though it is wise to have a handful of Pepto Bismol chewables incase the telltale sulphuric burps/farts come.(cannot miss them...just start dosing at 2 tablets every whatever the recommended time for usually 4-6 doses usually clears me up..but until you definitely feel better) No big deal.

also note that studies have found that 90% of giardia contractions were due to people self infecting from their own poo. (Wash them hands!)

cheers!

[shrapnel]

I used aquamira on my last trip. I also have and used a katadyn pro hike filter pump.

Pro's: Aquamira - very light, small volume, relatively quick time for treatment.
Con's - does not filter, mixing and reaction time requires small container and 5 minutes, takes 15 minutes before you can safely drink.

Pro's: Katadyn - filters out water, can drink right away.
Con's - very heavy, cumbersome to use in a stream, handle could break - renduring it useless, clean up at home.

It is all about how you use your water as well. My system was two bladders, one with a tube for drinking and one platypus for filling untreated water - both 70oz or 2L each. Whenever, I came to a water source even if my bladder that I was drinking was full, I filled up my platypus, filled up the cup with aquamira - 7 drops per liter, waited 5 min for reaction, put into platypus, shake, put back in my bag and do not need it until 4-5 hours later. This system works like a charm for me, but others may not like it. I also get water from trail magic or stores along the way. While a like the Sawyer system, it still has too many parts for me. We are packing and unpacking every day - expediency. I drink A LOT of water in the summer 1.5 - 2 gallons per day - never had an issue with this system. I came upon a group of four girls using the hand pump at a spring. The girl was pumping away when I got there. I got out the Platypus, aquamira and was off in 7-8 minutes with them in my wake. I like the filter and will use it for day hikes only. too much weight, tubes and I have to clean it up when I get home.

[Traveler]

According to the CDC municipals do use Sodium Hypochlorite (SH)(http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/chlorination-faq.html) as well as filtration. Calcium Hypochlorite (HTS) is a comparable purifyer which is the active ingredient in many brands of "pool shock". Pool shock comes in chrystalline form and can be used to make a bleach stock at 1 tablespoon for 1 gallon of bleach stock.

I am interested in possibly using a tiny bag of pool shock crystals to make my bleach along the trail for my eye dropper. Anyone seen this method used for resupply?

True that bleach does not kill giardia, but giardia can be treated if done immediately with pepto bismol (bismuth subsalicylate)(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887233399000685 and my experience of having giardia 2 dozen times in central asia)

so bleach either regular bleach SU or HTS does work though it is wise to have a handful of Pepto Bismol chewables incase the telltale sulphuric burps/farts come.(cannot miss them...just start dosing at 2 tablets every whatever the recommended time for usually 4-6 doses usually clears me up..but until you definitely feel better) No big deal.

also note that studies have found that 90% of giardia contractions were due to people self infecting from their own poo. (Wash them hands!)

cheers!

Caution always when adapting commercial chemicals used for other purposes than human consumption. Probably the best people to ask are MDs or Druggists for what uses pool treatment chemicals may have on you or if there are other chemical ingredients associated with that treatment that would be nasty to drink.

Curious where you heard that 90% Giardia contractions are due to people self infecting from their own body waste. I am not sure how one can infect themselves with a parasite they already have, unless they passed it on to another or reinfected themselves once the original parasite was eliminated.

[Traveler]

According to the CDC municipals do use Sodium Hypochlorite (SH)(http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/chlorination-faq.html) as well as filtration. Calcium Hypochlorite (HTS) is a comparable purifyer which is the active ingredient in many brands of "pool shock". Pool shock comes in chrystalline form and can be used to make a bleach stock at 1 tablespoon for 1 gallon of bleach stock.

I am interested in possibly using a tiny bag of pool shock crystals to make my bleach along the trail for my eye dropper. Anyone seen this method used for resupply?

True that bleach does not kill giardia, but giardia can be treated if done immediately with pepto bismol (bismuth subsalicylate)(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887233399000685 and my experience of having giardia 2 dozen times in central asia)

so bleach either regular bleach SU or HTS does work though it is wise to have a handful of Pepto Bismol chewables incase the telltale sulphuric burps/farts come.(cannot miss them...just start dosing at 2 tablets every whatever the recommended time for usually 4-6 doses usually clears me up..but until you definitely feel better) No big deal.

also note that studies have found that 90% of giardia contractions were due to people self infecting from their own poo. (Wash them hands!)

cheers!

Probably the best place for advice on what commercial pool treatment chemicals are best to ingest is for MDs, chemists, or pharmaceutical folks. There may be other chemical compounds riding on the HTS you may not know about in respective brands of pool treatments.

I would be curious in what studies find 90% of those contracting Giardia did so from their own body waste. I am not sure its possible to infect yourself with a parasite you already have. Are you sure this wasn't passed on to others from improper hygiene or re-infection after the original parasite was eliminated?

[Traveler]

Bah! Sorry, I hit send and nothing happened or appeared, so redundancy is alive and well!

[Cobble]

Umm...I read it somewhere...:-?

I found this study's conclusion interesting though:
CONCLUSIONS:"Published reports of confirmed giardiasis among outdoor recreationalists clearly demonstrate a high incidence among this population. However, the evidence for an association between drinking backcountry water and acquiring giardiasis is minimal. Education efforts aimed at outdoor recreationalists should place more emphasis on handwashing than on water purification. Further studies should attempt to separate the specific risk factor of drinking water from backcountry sources from other behaviors among this group that may contribute to the risk." (Emphasis mine)

Department of Tropical Medicine http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10737847

But then again REI can make more money selling a $100 filter than a $5 bar of soap.

[Cobble]

This article blows the Giardia myth out of the water!

http://www.farnorthendurance.com/busting-the-myths-about-giardia/
"The New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) follows trends presented by the two studies above. As part of their Cryptosporidium and Giardia Monitoring Program, the DEP annually publishes results of their searches for Giardia. During 2008 they collected 164 50-liter samples of untreated water from six reservoir locations. Thirty percent of the DEP samples had no Giardia cysts. When cysts were present, there were fewer than 2 per 50 liters. Additionally, the DEP cautions that cysts found were likely not viable."

136 Thru Hikers surveyed
Treated their Water -----------------------------------------------------------------Got ill


Always
21%


Usually
28%


Sometimes
29%


Never
20%


:-?:-?:-?:-?:-?:-?

[Traveler]

This article blows the Giardia myth out of the water!

http://www.farnorthendurance.com/busting-the-myths-about-giardia/
"The New York City Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) follows trends presented by the two studies above. As part of their Cryptosporidium and Giardia Monitoring Program, the DEP annually publishes results of their searches for Giardia. During 2008 they collected 164 50-liter samples of untreated water from six reservoir locations. Thirty percent of the DEP samples had no Giardia cysts. When cysts were present, there were fewer than 2 per 50 liters. Additionally, the DEP cautions that cysts found were likely not viable."

136 Thru Hikers surveyed
Treated their Water -----------------------------------------------------------------Got ill


Always
21%


Usually
28%


Sometimes
29%


Never
20%


:-?:-?:-?:-?:-?:-?



I think in all the time I have done this, I have used large bodies of water (lakes and large ponds) about 20% of the time, the balance of water has come from small water sources. I would be more interested the findings of small water source samples were taken from like streams that have lost a lot of their flow and created ponds between falls, shallow brooks/creeks, and access points along flowing streams that eddy currents can bring things into and hold them. Certainly they tested these sources if this were being used to quantify the parasitic threat in forests. Though if the sampling was done specifically for water screening/treatment processes for municipal potable water systems, only reservoirs would be tested.

[Cobble]

If you read the article...